feat: add context budget system for LLM overflow (#19)

Adds a budget package that estimates token usage and progressively
trims context to fit within model-specific limits.

Trim order (least important first):
1. Language patterns
2. Repository conventions
3. Full file context
4. Diff (truncated as last resort)

When content is trimmed, a note is appended to the user prompt so
the LLM knows context was reduced.

- New budget package with Fit(), EstimateTokens(), LimitForModel()
- Model limit table (GPT-4.1: 128K, GPT-5: 200K, Claude: 200K)
- Refactored review/prompt.go: BuildSystemBase() and BuildUserMeta()
  extract non-trimmable content; old functions delegate to new ones
- main.go uses budget.Fit() instead of direct prompt assembly
- 7 unit tests covering all trim paths

Closes #19

budget/budget.go

@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+// Package budget manages LLM context window budgeting for review-bot.
+//
+// It estimates token usage and progressively trims context content to fit
+// within model-specific limits. The trimming order (least important first):
+// patterns → conventions → file context → diff truncation.
+package budget
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// Known model context limits (in tokens).
+// Models not listed here get the conservative default.
+var modelLimits = map[string]int{
+	"gpt-4.1":                   128_000,
+	"gpt-4.1-mini":              128_000,
+	"gpt-5":                     200_000,
+	"gpt-5-mini":                200_000,
+	"claude-sonnet-4-20250514":  200_000,
+	"claude-opus-4-20250514":    200_000,
+	"claude-haiku-3.5-20241022": 200_000,
+}
+
+const defaultLimit = 128_000
+
+// reserveTokens is headroom for the response generation.
+const reserveTokens = 4_000
+
+// EstimateTokens estimates the number of tokens in a string.
+// Uses the rough heuristic of ~4 characters per token, which is
+// conservative for English text and code.
+func EstimateTokens(s string) int {
+	return len(s) / 4
+}
+
+// LimitForModel returns the context window size for the given model.
+func LimitForModel(model string) int {
+	if limit, ok := modelLimits[model]; ok {
+		return limit
+	}
+	for prefix, limit := range modelLimits {
+		if strings.HasPrefix(model, prefix) {
+			return limit
+		}
+	}
+	return defaultLimit
+}
+
+// Sections holds the prompt content sections in trim priority order.
+// When the total exceeds the budget, sections are trimmed from least
+// important (Patterns) to most important (Diff).
+type Sections struct {
+	SystemBase  string // Core instructions (never trimmed)
+	Patterns    string // Language patterns (trimmed first)
+	Conventions string // Repo conventions (trimmed second)
+	FileContext string // Full file content (trimmed third)
+	Diff        string // The actual diff (trimmed last, only truncated)
+	UserMeta    string // PR title, description, CI status (never trimmed)
+}
+
+// Result holds the trimmed content and metadata about what was dropped.
+type Result struct {
+	SystemPrompt string
+	UserPrompt   string
+	Trimmed      []string // Human-readable descriptions of what was trimmed
+	EstTokens    int      // Estimated total tokens after trimming
+}
+
+// Fit trims sections to fit within the model's context limit.
+// Returns the assembled prompts and a list of what was trimmed.
+func Fit(model string, sections Sections) Result {
+	limit := LimitForModel(model) - reserveTokens
+
+	baseTokens := EstimateTokens(sections.SystemBase) + EstimateTokens(sections.UserMeta)
+	available := limit - baseTokens
+	if available < 0 {
+		available = limit / 2
+	}
+
+	// Trimmable sections in priority order (first = dropped first)
+	type entry struct {
+		name    string
+		content *string
+	}
+	entries := []entry{
+		{"patterns", &sections.Patterns},
+		{"conventions", &sections.Conventions},
+		{"file context", &sections.FileContext},
+	}
+
+	// Check if everything fits
+	totalTrimmable := EstimateTokens(sections.Diff)
+	for _, e := range entries {
+		totalTrimmable += EstimateTokens(*e.content)
+	}
+
+	var trimmed []string
+	if totalTrimmable > available {
+		// Trim from least important
+		for i := range entries {
+			tokens := EstimateTokens(*entries[i].content)
+			if tokens == 0 {
+				continue
+			}
+			trimmed = append(trimmed, fmt.Sprintf("%s (~%dK tokens)", entries[i].name, tokens/1000))
+			*entries[i].content = ""
+
+			// Recalculate
+			totalTrimmable = EstimateTokens(sections.Diff)
+			for _, e := range entries {
+				totalTrimmable += EstimateTokens(*e.content)
+			}
+			if totalTrimmable <= available {
+				break
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// If still too large, truncate the diff
+	if totalTrimmable > available {
+		diffBudget := available
+		for _, e := range entries {
+			diffBudget -= EstimateTokens(*e.content)
+		}
+		if diffBudget < 1000 {
+			diffBudget = 1000
+		}
+		maxChars := diffBudget * 4
+		if maxChars < len(sections.Diff) {
+			removed := EstimateTokens(sections.Diff) - diffBudget
+			trimmed = append(trimmed, fmt.Sprintf("diff truncated (~%dK tokens removed)", removed/1000))
+			sections.Diff = sections.Diff[:maxChars] + "\n\n... [diff truncated due to context limit] ..."
+		}
+	}
+
+	finalTokens := baseTokens
+	for _, e := range entries {
+		finalTokens += EstimateTokens(*e.content)
+	}
+	finalTokens += EstimateTokens(sections.Diff)
+
+	return buildResult(sections, trimmed, finalTokens)
+}
+
+func buildResult(s Sections, trimmed []string, estTokens int) Result {
+	var sys strings.Builder
+	sys.WriteString(s.SystemBase)
+	if s.Patterns != "" {
+		sys.WriteString("\n\n## Language Patterns & Idioms\n\nUse the following patterns as review criteria. Code that violates these established patterns is a finding:\n\n")
+		sys.WriteString(s.Patterns)
+	}
+	if s.Conventions != "" {
+		sys.WriteString("\n\n## Repository Conventions\n\nThe repository has the following coding conventions that must be respected:\n\n")
+		sys.WriteString(s.Conventions)
+	}
+
+	var usr strings.Builder
+	usr.WriteString(s.UserMeta)
+	if s.FileContext != "" {
+		usr.WriteString("\n### Full File Context (modified files)\n\n")
+		usr.WriteString(s.FileContext)
+		usr.WriteString("\n")
+	}
+	usr.WriteString("\n### Diff (changes to review)\n\n```diff\n")
+	usr.WriteString(s.Diff)
+	usr.WriteString("\n```\n")
+
+	if len(trimmed) > 0 {
+		usr.WriteString("\n⚠️ Note: Context was trimmed to fit model limits. Dropped: ")
+		usr.WriteString(strings.Join(trimmed, ", "))
+		usr.WriteString("\n")
+	}
+
+	return Result{
+		SystemPrompt: sys.String(),
+		UserPrompt:   usr.String(),
+		Trimmed:      trimmed,
+		EstTokens:    estTokens,
+	}
+}

budget/budget_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+package budget
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestEstimateTokens(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		input string
+		want  int
+	}{
+		{"", 0},
+		{"abcd", 1},
+		{"12345678", 2},
+		{strings.Repeat("x", 400), 100},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		got := EstimateTokens(tt.input)
+		if got != tt.want {
+			t.Errorf("EstimateTokens(%d chars) = %d, want %d", len(tt.input), got, tt.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLimitForModel(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		model string
+		want  int
+	}{
+		{"gpt-4.1", 128_000},
+		{"gpt-5", 200_000},
+		{"gpt-5-mini", 200_000},
+		{"unknown-model", defaultLimit},
+		{"gpt-4.1-2026-01-01", 128_000}, // prefix match
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		got := LimitForModel(tt.model)
+		if got != tt.want {
+			t.Errorf("LimitForModel(%q) = %d, want %d", tt.model, got, tt.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFit_AllFits(t *testing.T) {
+	s := Sections{
+		SystemBase:  "system instructions",
+		Patterns:    "some patterns",
+		Conventions: "some conventions",
+		FileContext: "file content",
+		Diff:        "diff content",
+		UserMeta:    "PR: title\n",
+	}
+	result := Fit("gpt-5", s)
+
+	if len(result.Trimmed) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("expected no trimming, got %v", result.Trimmed)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(result.SystemPrompt, "some patterns") {
+		t.Error("expected patterns in system prompt")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(result.SystemPrompt, "some conventions") {
+		t.Error("expected conventions in system prompt")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(result.UserPrompt, "file content") {
+		t.Error("expected file context in user prompt")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFit_TrimsPatterns(t *testing.T) {
+	// Create content that exceeds 128K token budget for gpt-4.1
+	// Budget ≈ 128K - 4K reserve = 124K tokens = ~496K chars
+	// Fill patterns with enough to push over
+	bigPatterns := strings.Repeat("x", 500_000) // ~125K tokens
+	s := Sections{
+		SystemBase:  "base",
+		Patterns:    bigPatterns,
+		Conventions: "conventions",
+		FileContext: "files",
+		Diff:        "diff",
+		UserMeta:    "meta",
+	}
+	result := Fit("gpt-4.1", s)
+
+	if len(result.Trimmed) == 0 {
+		t.Fatal("expected trimming")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(result.Trimmed[0], "patterns") {
+		t.Errorf("expected patterns to be trimmed first, got %v", result.Trimmed)
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(result.SystemPrompt, bigPatterns[:100]) {
+		t.Error("expected patterns to be removed from output")
+	}
+	// Conventions should survive
+	if !strings.Contains(result.SystemPrompt, "conventions") {
+		t.Error("expected conventions to survive after patterns trimmed")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFit_TrimsConventions(t *testing.T) {
+	// Patterns + conventions + diff all exceed budget even after patterns removed
+	big := strings.Repeat("y", 520_000) // ~130K tokens each (exceeds 124K budget even alone)
+	s := Sections{
+		SystemBase:  "base",
+		Patterns:    big,
+		Conventions: big,
+		FileContext: "files",
+		Diff:        "diff",
+		UserMeta:    "meta",
+	}
+	result := Fit("gpt-4.1", s)
+
+	if len(result.Trimmed) < 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected at least 2 trimmed, got %v", result.Trimmed)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(result.Trimmed[0], "patterns") {
+		t.Errorf("expected patterns trimmed first, got %s", result.Trimmed[0])
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(result.Trimmed[1], "conventions") {
+		t.Errorf("expected conventions trimmed second, got %s", result.Trimmed[1])
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFit_TruncatesDiff(t *testing.T) {
+	// Only diff is huge, no patterns/conventions
+	hugeDiff := strings.Repeat("z", 600_000) // ~150K tokens > 128K limit
+	s := Sections{
+		SystemBase: "base",
+		Diff:       hugeDiff,
+		UserMeta:   "meta",
+	}
+	result := Fit("gpt-4.1", s)
+
+	if len(result.Trimmed) == 0 {
+		t.Fatal("expected diff truncation")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(result.Trimmed[len(result.Trimmed)-1], "diff truncated") {
+		t.Errorf("expected diff truncation note, got %v", result.Trimmed)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(result.UserPrompt, "[diff truncated due to context limit]") {
+		t.Error("expected truncation marker in user prompt")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFit_PreservesNoteInOutput(t *testing.T) {
+	big := strings.Repeat("w", 500_000)
+	s := Sections{
+		SystemBase: "base",
+		Patterns:   big,
+		Diff:       "small diff",
+		UserMeta:   "meta",
+	}
+	result := Fit("gpt-4.1", s)
+
+	if !strings.Contains(result.UserPrompt, "⚠️ Note: Context was trimmed") {
+		t.Error("expected trimming note in user prompt")
+	}
+}