# Common Mistakes

What "bad Elixir" looks like, based on what the source code explicitly warns against or demonstrates the correct way to avoid.

## 1. Using `++` in a Loop (O(n²) List Building)

**Source:** `lib/elixir/lib/enum.ex:306-320` (internal macros all use prepend)

```elixir
# What the source does: prepend then reverse
defmacrop next(_, entry, acc) do
  quote(do: [unquote(entry) | unquote(acc)])
end
```

**The mistake:**
```elixir
# O(n²) — copies the entire left list for every element
Enum.reduce(items, [], fn item, acc -> acc ++ [transform(item)] end)
```

**The fix:**
```elixir
# O(n) — prepend is O(1), reverse once at the end
items |> Enum.map(&transform/1)
# or
Enum.reduce(items, [], fn item, acc -> [transform(item) | acc] end) |> Enum.reverse()
```

---

## 2. Forgetting `@impl true`

**Source:** `lib/elixir/lib/gen_server.ex:44-56` (every callback uses @impl)

**The mistake:**
```elixir
defmodule MyServer do
  use GenServer

  # Typo! This will never be called — no warning without @impl
  def handle_cll(msg, _from, state) do
    {:reply, msg, state}
  end
end
```

**The fix:**
```elixir
@impl true
def handle_call(msg, _from, state) do
  {:reply, msg, state}
end
```

With `@impl true`, the compiler catches the typo at compile time.

---

## 3. Not Handling All `with` Failure Cases

**Source:** `lib/elixir/lib/kernel/special_forms.ex:1680-1715` (with Beware! section)

**The mistake:**
```elixir
with {:ok, width} <- Map.fetch(opts, "width"),
     {:ok, height} <- Map.fetch(opts, "height") do
  {:ok, width * height}
else
  # Only handles one case — what if Map.fetch returns something else?
  :error -> {:error, :missing_field}
end
```

If an `else` block is used and no clause matches, a `WithClauseError` is raised.

**The fix:** Either handle all possible non-match values in `else`, or better yet, normalize return values in helper functions so you don't need `else` at all.

---

## 4. async Without await

**Source:** `lib/elixir/lib/task.ex:38-40`

> If you are using async tasks, you **must await** a reply as they are *always* sent.

**The mistake:**
```elixir
# Leaked reference — message sits in mailbox forever
Task.async(fn -> send_email(user) end)
# Never awaited!
```

**The fix:**
```elixir
# Fire-and-forget: use start_child
Task.Supervisor.start_child(MyApp.TaskSupervisor, fn -> send_email(user) end)

# OR if you need the result:
task = Task.async(fn -> send_email(user) end)
Task.await(task)
```

---

## 5. Anonymous Functions in Distributed Agents

**Source:** `lib/elixir/lib/agent.ex:141-160` ("A word on distributed agents")

> In a distributed setup with multiple nodes, the API that accepts anonymous
> functions only works if the caller (client) and the agent have the same
> version of the caller module.

**The mistake:**
```elixir
# Fails if nodes have different code versions
Agent.get({MyAgent, :remote@node}, fn state -> state.count end)
```

**The fix:**
```elixir
# Use MFA (module, function, args) for distributed calls
Agent.get({MyAgent, :remote@node}, MyModule, :get_count, [])
```

---

## 6. Starting Processes Outside Supervision Trees

**Source:** `lib/elixir/lib/task.ex:100-115`

> We encourage developers to rely on supervised tasks as much as possible.

**The mistake:**
```elixir
# No supervision, no monitoring, no logging
spawn(fn -> do_important_work() end)

# Or:
Task.async(fn -> do_important_work() end) |> Task.await()
# Linked to caller but not supervised
```

**The fix:**
```elixir
# Add to your supervision tree:
{Task.Supervisor, name: MyApp.TaskSupervisor}

# Then use it:
Task.Supervisor.start_child(MyApp.TaskSupervisor, fn -> do_important_work() end)
```

---

## 7. Putting State Logic in Controllers

**Source:** `lib/phoenix/controller.ex:28-45`

Controllers are shown as thin dispatch layers:
```elixir
def show(conn, %{"id" => id}) do
  user = Repo.get(User, id)
  render(conn, :show, user: user)
end
```

**The mistake:**
```elixir
def create(conn, params) do
  # Business logic in the controller
  changeset = User.changeset(%User{}, params)
  if changeset.valid? do
    user = Repo.insert!(changeset)
    send_welcome_email(user)
    update_analytics(user)
    notify_admin(user)
    render(conn, :show, user: user)
  else
    render(conn, :error, errors: changeset.errors)
  end
end
```

**The fix:** Move business logic to a context module. The controller just dispatches:
```elixir
def create(conn, params) do
  case Accounts.register_user(params) do
    {:ok, user} -> render(conn, :show, user: user)
    {:error, changeset} -> render(conn, :error, errors: changeset.errors)
  end
end
```

---

## 8. Using `:permanent` Restart for One-Shot Tasks

**Source:** `lib/elixir/lib/task.ex:178-186`

> a Task has a default `:restart` of `:temporary`. This means the task will
> not be restarted even if it crashes.

**The mistake:**
```elixir
# Will restart infinitely if the HTTP call keeps failing
use Task, restart: :permanent

def start_link(url) do
  Task.start_link(fn -> HTTP.get!(url) end)
end
```

**The fix:** Use `:temporary` (default) for one-shot work. Use `:transient` if you want restart only on abnormal exit:
```elixir
use Task, restart: :transient
```

---

## 9. Pattern Matching the Internals of Opaque Types

**Source:** `lib/elixir/lib/task.ex:298-300`

```elixir
@opaque ref :: reference()
```

**The mistake:**
```elixir
# Accessing internal structure of an opaque type
%Task{ref: ref} = task
send(ref, :custom_message)  # This breaks if internals change
```

**The fix:** Use the public API. If a type is `@opaque`, its structure is not guaranteed between versions. Use functions like `Task.await/2` that work with the type properly.

---

## 10. Not Using `on_exit` for Test Cleanup

**Source:** `lib/ex_unit/lib/ex_unit/case.ex:86-94`

**The mistake:**
```elixir
test "writes to file" do
  File.write!("/tmp/test_file", "data")
  assert File.read!("/tmp/test_file") == "data"
  File.rm!("/tmp/test_file")  # Never runs if assert above fails!
end
```

**The fix:**
```elixir
setup do
  path = "/tmp/test_file_#{System.unique_integer()}"
  on_exit(fn -> File.rm(path) end)
  {:ok, path: path}
end

test "writes to file", %{path: path} do
  File.write!(path, "data")
  assert File.read!(path) == "data"
  # Cleanup happens automatically, even on failure
end
```